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BA Theories (Business Administration & Management)

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Economic Integration: Various Levels Explained

March 5, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Economic Integration Levels

In the global landscape, Economic Integration usually can be classified into various additive levels. Regional Economic Integration (Preferential Trade Agreement) The WTO promotes free trade on a global basis, however countries in each of the world’s regions are seeking to liberalize trade within … [Continue reading] about Economic Integration: Various Levels Explained

Filed Under: International Trade

Self-Reference Criterion (SRC) Explained

March 3, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

socio cultural environment

In attempting to understand anther culture, we inevitably, interpret our new cultural surrounding on the basis of existing knowledge of our own culture. There is a human tendency towards ethnocentricity. These ‘biased’ interpretations happen … [Continue reading] about Self-Reference Criterion (SRC) Explained

Filed Under: Global Marketing

The EPRG Framework/Model of International Business

March 3, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

EPRG Framework

EPRG (acronym for Ethnocentric, Polycentric, Regiocentric, and Geocentric) is a framework to explain internationalization approaches of businesses. It is used in the internationalization process of businesses, and helps understand the type of … [Continue reading] about The EPRG Framework/Model of International Business

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Change Management: Various Models/Theories to manage change better

February 27, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

There are several change management models that help organisations implement change successfully. Here we take a look at the various models and theories to help manage change. Lewin's Change Model Lewin's change model is a simple change framework, … [Continue reading] about Change Management: Various Models/Theories to manage change better

Filed Under: Strategic Management

The Rising Power of Emerging Markets

February 24, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

The Emergence of a New Economic Powerhouse: The rise of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) as the 21st century’s engines of global economic growth. There is a shift of power within the world economy towards these countries, … [Continue reading] about The Rising Power of Emerging Markets

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Understanding Global Competition and Strategies Moves

February 19, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

competition in business

Understand the structure of Global Competition and resulting strategic options. The Globalization of Competition An inevitable consequence of globalization of markets is the growth of intense competition on a global scale. Liberalization, … [Continue reading] about Understanding Global Competition and Strategies Moves

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) Markets

February 6, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

Prahalad (2004) and Karnani (2007) discuss the role of private sector companies in responsibly serving bottom of the pyramid markets (low income markets) in efforts to reduce poverty. Prahalad (2004) suggests that businesses and governments should … [Continue reading] about Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) Markets

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Global Advertising: Key Features

February 4, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

Global advertising may be defined as messages whose art, copy, headlines photographs, taglines, and other elements have been developed explicitly for worldwide suitability. Here are a few Examples: Nike ("Just do it") McDonalds ("I’m lovin' … [Continue reading] about Global Advertising: Key Features

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Global Marketing: Definition, Scope, Strategies, Examples

February 1, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Global Marketing

In a globalized world, the entire world is a marketplace, and market segments are no longer considered based only on the basis of national borders. Products have always been travelling and international trade has existed for centuries. While … [Continue reading] about Global Marketing: Definition, Scope, Strategies, Examples

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Marketing Environment: Understanding the internal and external environment

January 30, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing Environment

Marketing operates in a complex and changing environment. The marketing environment is the environment that a business operates in (Whalley 2010, p. 50). It involves the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing management’s ability … [Continue reading] about Marketing Environment: Understanding the internal and external environment

Filed Under: Marketing

Product Adaptation and Standardization

January 25, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Product Mix

Every business needs product/services that it can sell to potential customers. While firms would prefer to have standardized products that they can sell over the world, there are various factors that compel firms to adapt their products. In general, … [Continue reading] about Product Adaptation and Standardization

Filed Under: Marketing

Product & Product Mix: Definition, Features, Examples

January 25, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Product Mix

A product is a good, service or an idea with both tangible and intangible attributes that collectively create value for a buyer or user. Tangible attributes can be assessed in physical terms such as weight dimensions, or materials used. It refers to … [Continue reading] about Product & Product Mix: Definition, Features, Examples

Filed Under: Marketing

Organizational Structures for Global Marketing

January 17, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

The success of a global strategy is influenced by the selection of an appropriate organizational structure to implement that strategy. The ideal structure of such as an organization should be a function of: the products and services to be sold in a … [Continue reading] about Organizational Structures for Global Marketing

Filed Under: International Trade

Decision-Making Matrix (Pugh Matrix)

January 13, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

decision matrix for market selection

The Pugh Matrix is a decision-making tool that is used to compare multiple alternatives and select the most favourable one. In this method, the various options are evaluated based on several weighted criteria. This is a variation of the L-shaped … [Continue reading] about Decision-Making Matrix (Pugh Matrix)

Filed Under: General Management

Global Market Segmentation: How firms assess and select markets

January 13, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

Global Market Segmentation: Here's how firms screen and select country markets to enter. Importance of Entering the ‘Right’ Market There are over a couple of hundred countries and territories, but most firms do not compete in all those markets. … [Continue reading] about Global Market Segmentation: How firms assess and select markets

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Human Resource Management (HRM): Definitions, Concepts

January 11, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Human Resource Management (HRM)

The success of businesses depends a lot on the workforce. A motivated and skilled workforce can do wonders to the growth of the company. However, there are many things that play a part in hiring people, keeping the employees happy and satisfied … [Continue reading] about Human Resource Management (HRM): Definitions, Concepts

Filed Under: General Management

Market Entry Modes in Global Marketing: Expansion Strategies

January 10, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

Foreign Market Entry Strategies: Various ways to enter the international market. Any company that wants to enter the international market has to take some strategic decisions pertaining to that foreign market; it has to analyse the market and plan … [Continue reading] about Market Entry Modes in Global Marketing: Expansion Strategies

Filed Under: Global Marketing

International Marketing: Scope, Strategies, Examples

January 9, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing

International marketing refers to the activities related to the sale of goods and services of one country in other countries. While international trade is about commerce between countries, international marketing is about promotion of products and … [Continue reading] about International Marketing: Scope, Strategies, Examples

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Standardisation vs Adaptation (Glocalization) in International Marketing

January 9, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Marketing Mix (4Ps)

Marketing mixes can be standardized (global) or they can be adapted (local). Marketing mixes of most global companies tend to be "glocal" with some amount of localization. Standardisation vs Adaptation in International Marketing Once the firm has … [Continue reading] about Standardisation vs Adaptation (Glocalization) in International Marketing

Filed Under: Global Marketing

Internationalization: Definition, Models, Barriers

January 5, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

"Internationalization" is the term we use for a firm’s expansion from its domestic market into new markets abroad. Today most large companies operate outside their home markets. Let's understand the motives behind a company’s decision to compete in … [Continue reading] about Internationalization: Definition, Models, Barriers

Filed Under: International Trade

Understanding Free Trade: Definition, Pros, and Cons

January 3, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

Put simply, Free trade is international trade where there are no government policies restricting the import and export of goods and services. While economists consider this as the best approach to maintain a healthy global economy, this is more of a … [Continue reading] about Understanding Free Trade: Definition, Pros, and Cons

Filed Under: International Trade

Organization Culture: Importance, factors and how it can be changed

January 3, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Culture

Organizational culture refers to things such as uniformity in work practices, working style, employee motivation levels, sense of belonging, etc. within the company. Culture is also something that takes times to build and also cannot be changed … [Continue reading] about Organization Culture: Importance, factors and how it can be changed

Filed Under: General Management

Leadership (Organizational Behavior)

January 3, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Leadership Styles

The communities where we live and work are facing complex challenges such as climate change, economic uncertainty, income inequality, multicultural relations, geopolitical unrest and other seemingly uncontrollable forces. People are stressed, … [Continue reading] about Leadership (Organizational Behavior)

Filed Under: General Management

Netflix: Various Strategies

January 2, 2023 by batheories Leave a Comment

Strategic Management

Various strategies (innovation, growth) adopted by Netflix to become the largest streaming service provider in the world. About Netflix Netflix, the world's largest online streaming services provider, serves a diverse subscriber base globally. Its … [Continue reading] about Netflix: Various Strategies

Filed Under: Strategic Management

Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model Explained

December 29, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Kotter’s 8 step Model of Change

Kotter's 8-step change model is a change management model that lays down the process for organizations to efficiently implement a new change initiative. Introduction to Kotter's Change Model Dr. John Kotter had first introduced the model in his book … [Continue reading] about Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model Explained

Filed Under: General Management

Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Case Studies

December 21, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Special Economic Zone SEZ

A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area within a country that has business-friendly trade and business laws and is subjected to different economic regulations from the rest of the country. SEZs are set up to boost economic activity, promote exports, … [Continue reading] about Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Case Studies

Filed Under: International Trade

Comparative Advantage trade theory

December 20, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

Comparative Cost Advantage is a situation in which a country, individual, company or region can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor. The Country concentrates on producing what they are good at and export the surplus. Import … [Continue reading] about Comparative Advantage trade theory

Filed Under: International Trade

Understanding Global Value Chains (GVCs)

December 15, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Global Value Chains (GVCs)

Understand the importance and characteristics of global production chains. Understand the political, economic, ethical and social issues raised by the existence of global production chains. Understand the nature of employment and labor rights in … [Continue reading] about Understanding Global Value Chains (GVCs)

Filed Under: International Trade

Organizational Structure: Types and Importance

December 14, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

organizational structures

An organizational structure is a system set in place, by which work flows within a firm, that helps the firm achieve its goals. Organizational Structure: Types and Importance Here, we take a look at the importance of organisational structure in terms … [Continue reading] about Organizational Structure: Types and Importance

Filed Under: General Management

International (Global) Trade: Basics

December 13, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

International (Global) Trade Basics. Understand free trade, reasons for protectionism and trade restrictions, role of GATT and WTO in promoting free trade on a global scale, regional economic integration and trade agreements. International trade … [Continue reading] about International (Global) Trade: Basics

Filed Under: International Trade, Uncategorized

Globalization: Concepts and resource guide

December 13, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and business. This resource guide helps understand globalization and key related concepts. Globalization is providing us with new realities … [Continue reading] about Globalization: Concepts and resource guide

Filed Under: International Trade

Trade Protectionism: Impact of Tariffs and Trade Barriers on International Trade

December 12, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

There are benefits to free trade, but some parties could lose out as well; that is why governments may feel the need to interfere and regulate certain aspects of the trade. Let's understand why governments control trade and identify methods … [Continue reading] about Trade Protectionism: Impact of Tariffs and Trade Barriers on International Trade

Filed Under: International Trade

Equity theory of Motivation – Adams (1965) (Process Theory)

December 8, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Theories of Motivation

As per the equity theory of motivation, when people see fairness and justice around them, they are motivated, and if they see unfairness and injustice around them, they become demotivated. This is how human beings really feel when it comes to … [Continue reading] about Equity theory of Motivation – Adams (1965) (Process Theory)

Filed Under: General Management

What trade risks and financial risks does a multinational company face?

December 6, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

With increased globalization, many companies see the benefits of engaging in international trade; there's opportunity to earn more revenue and to place your products and services in front of a wider audience. However, a business should also weigh in … [Continue reading] about What trade risks and financial risks does a multinational company face?

Filed Under: International Trade

GE-McKinsey Matrix / Directional Policy Matrix

December 6, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

GE-McKinsey Matrix / Directional Policy Matrix

The GE-McKinsey (9-box) Matrix (aka Directional Policy Matrix) is a tool that enables a firm to understand which are its strong products/segments, where it has a strong competitive position so that it can focus better on those areas. This tool … [Continue reading] about GE-McKinsey Matrix / Directional Policy Matrix

Filed Under: Strategic Management

Various Theories of International Trade

December 2, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

Understand the various theories of trade that explain why countries should trade, understand the factors affecting countries’ trade patterns, and understand how global efficiency is increased through free trade. What Trade theory is important? Trade … [Continue reading] about Various Theories of International Trade

Filed Under: General Management

Walmart: Various Strategies

December 1, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Walmart Strategies

Here are various strategies adopted by Walmart over the years that has helped the company become a retail giant. Pricing Strategy The pricing strategy of “Everyday Low Prices” has been at the core of the business model of Walmart. This strategy is … [Continue reading] about Walmart: Various Strategies

Filed Under: Strategic Management

New Product Development (NPD): Various Models

November 29, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

product life cycle

New Product Development (NPD) refers to the process or steps needed to produce a new product and introduce it in the market. In order to improve customer satisfaction and to increase market share, firms use strategies such as regularly introducing … [Continue reading] about New Product Development (NPD): Various Models

Filed Under: General Management

Operations Management and Operations Strategy

November 24, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Operations Management

Operations Management is everywhere around us. The concept of operations management applies to every business activities (manufacturing of products or rendering of services) that involves or requires a sequential process. Operations management is … [Continue reading] about Operations Management and Operations Strategy

Filed Under: General Management

Toilet paper shortage: Lessons in supply chain

November 24, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Supply Chain

Toilet paper shortage was a strange side-effect of the Covid19 pandemic. As lockdown was enforced in the US, people resorted to panic buying of toilet paper rolls resulting in several shortage on toilet rolls in leading retail stores. Here are … [Continue reading] about Toilet paper shortage: Lessons in supply chain

Filed Under: Uncategorized

Logistics Management: Core concepts

November 23, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Logistics Management

Logistics management, a component of supply chain management, is the process of efficiently transporting goods from the starting point to the destination. It involves steps such as acquisition, storage and transportation of inventory. Here we will … [Continue reading] about Logistics Management: Core concepts

Filed Under: Uncategorized

Ethical Issues in Photojournalism/Photography

November 22, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Ethics - theories

Aaron Quinn raises the ethical issue of manipulating images in Photojournalism, through the use of computers, high-end camera gear and imaging editing software, as most readers feel that the images they see in newspapers and media is manipulated by … [Continue reading] about Ethical Issues in Photojournalism/Photography

Filed Under: General Management

Ethical Issues with respect to Technology

November 22, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Ethics - theories

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies morality, and Ethics in technology addresses ethical questions specific to the Technology Age. Professional ethics falls under the sub discipline of applied ethics as its purpose is to reason about, and … [Continue reading] about Ethical Issues with respect to Technology

Filed Under: General Management

Kohlberg and Gilligan theory of moral development: Differences

November 22, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Ethics - theories

Key issues in the ‘Kohlberg–Gilligan conflict’ and reasons why Gilligan criticized Kohlberg. Kohlberg’s research is based on the cognitive development theory in psychology adopting a functional perspective on ethical behaviour which assumes … [Continue reading] about Kohlberg and Gilligan theory of moral development: Differences

Filed Under: General Management

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

November 22, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Carroll CSR Pyramid

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Importance in recent years and explanation of various concepts What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility (CR) or business … [Continue reading] about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Filed Under: CSR & Ethics

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Basics, Concepts, Case Studies

November 15, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) explained. Understand concepts, key terms, and also find case studies related to FDI. These terms are commonly used while talking about FDI. MNCs/MNEs - nomenclature of foreign business FDI-inward/outward Domestic/ … [Continue reading] about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Basics, Concepts, Case Studies

Filed Under: International Trade

US-China trade conflict

November 13, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

International Trade

The US-China trade war has been escalating for some time now, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic. More companies are planning to diversify their supply chain after the Covid-19 pandemic crippled their business. Also, it's getting too bureaucratic … [Continue reading] about US-China trade conflict

Filed Under: International Trade

Business Ethics: Definition, Principles, Examples

October 22, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Ethics - theories

Business ethics addresses issues of right and wrong in decision making, but how does one decide what is right and what is wrong. Different Organisations Different types of business exists: Small or medium privately owned business where the owner is … [Continue reading] about Business Ethics: Definition, Principles, Examples

Filed Under: CSR & Ethics

Business Canvas Model

October 14, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Business canvas model

The business canvas model is one of the more commonly used frameworks that are used to explain the business model of a firm, and to explain the more important elements of the business. The canvas displays all this information in a single view thereby … [Continue reading] about Business Canvas Model

Filed Under: General Management

Value Proposition Canvas

October 13, 2022 by batheories Leave a Comment

Value proposition canvas

The Value Proposition Canvas is a useful tool to understand how a new product/service that a business plans to introduce can help the buyers. The canvas consists of two sections, the customer profile and value proposition (Osterwalder et al., … [Continue reading] about Value Proposition Canvas

Filed Under: General Management

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